Gravity Spheres (GS) versus General Relativity (GR)

                         (David versus Goliath)

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Just reality, confirmed observations and computations only.

Celestial Mechanics

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GR:  Massive objects do not directly impart a force on other massive objects. Instead other massive objects respond to how the first massive object curves spacetime. Gravity propagates along the curved spacetime with the speed of light.

But such slow speed would introduce enormously long delays in the gravitational interactions between objects – a disastrous situation because conservation of angular momentum is destroyed then. Curved space delays it even more. Not workable, false.

GS:  Massive objects do not directly impart a force on other massive objects. Instead other massive objects interact directly with the gravitational force field of the first massive object. The field is already in place (for billions of years) and preset with the force of the first massive object. This interaction is instantaneous (used in all celestial computations).

Gravitational Time Dilation

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GR:  Gravity has an immediate influence on the passage of time. The higher the local distortion of spacetime due to gravity, the slower time passes. Atomic clocks confirm this prediction.

But general relativity metric tensor computations of time dilation are invalid since they are based on the false assumption of curved spacetime (see Celestial Mechanics above).

GS:  Gravity has an immediate influence on ALL natural processes including our bodily functions (we age slower) and atomic clocks. It is harder to swim in molasses than in water, the same principle. Atomic clocks confirm this assumption.

Time does not slow down, atomic clocks do.

Light Deflection and Gravitational Time Delay

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GR:  The bending of light in a gravitational field is due to the influence of gravity on the geometry of space. Light passing a massive body is deflected towards that body.

Again, since curved spacetime is only a mathematical abstraction and not the real thing, it cannot deflect light.

GS:  The bending of light in a gravitational field is due to slowing down of the light within a gravitational field (I call it the Molasses effect) and the curvature of spherical gravitational field which deflects light towards the massive body.

Gravitational Waves

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GR:  Like for electromagnetic waves, there are corresponding gravitational waves: ripples in spacetime that propagate at the speed of light. Their sources are colliding black holes, neutron star binaries, and cosmic explosions.

GS:  There are no gravitational waves which propagate through space, there are no spacetime ripples. Space does not warp, stretch, or shrink. Only force fields can do that. Gravity, for example.

Gravitational Lensing

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GR:  A massive object between the observer and a distant target object makes it possible for the observer to see multiple distorted images of the target. This phenomenon is a consequence of the deflection of light by gravity of the massive object which distorts the geometry of space around the massive object.

GS:  Gravitational lensing is the bending of light around a massive object due to slowing down the light within the gravitational field of the massive object and the curvature of the surrounding gravitational field which deflects the light towards the massive object.

Paired galaxies and quasars

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GR:  Cannot explain the phenomenon.

GS:  Some galaxies appear to be paired with quasars as if a galaxy spawned a quasar, with a bridge between the two. But the two always have notably different redshifts. The explanation is easy.

There is no bridge! There is no pairing of galaxies and quasars. A quasar could be a billion light years farther than a galaxy. When the line of sight of the two objects is close enough, the light from the quasar is slowed down and bent in the gravitational field of the galaxy toward the galaxy. It is the simple light deflection and gravitational lensing as described above. The bridge-quasar is a distorted image of the quasar.

Mercury's Perihelion Precession

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GR:  The 'missing' perihelion precession of Mercury is due to the curvature of spacetime caused by gravity of the sun.

GS:  Sun's gravitational force field influences the perihelion precession of Mercury directly with its curvature (45 arcsec/century).

Orbital Decay

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GR:  A binary system (for example, one neutron star orbiting another) emits gravitational waves, thereby losing energy. Due to this loss, the distance between the two orbiting bodies decreases, and so does their orbital period.

GS:  Gravitational force fields of binaries are incredibly strong and dense. There are no gravitational waves. The observed energy loss and the resultant orbital decay is due to, mainly, orbiting in the extra-dense gravitational force field of the companion, similar to the orbital decay of our satellites when they enter the upper atmosphere. The binaries spiral into each other simply due to the 'atmospheric effect' of their gravitational force fields. It is harder to swim in molasses than in water, you slow down and sink.

Other “Relativistic Effects”

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This is not a perfect world! Many celestial events come to us as a surprise. Still, to generalize the world and fit it in a semblance of order just to understand it, we ignore many idiosyncratic factors of the universe or see them as trivial. For example, we ignore the fact that all local astronomical measurements were made within the gravitational force field of the sun, with all its idiosyncrasies present and not accounted for. Our sun is not a perfect sphere. It changes shape, and its center of gravity shifts. Sun's path wobbles due to its planets' gravitational pull, so does its center of gravity.

And there is another important factor unaccounted for in almost all equations: the gravitational force field of the black hole at the center of our galaxy. In the light of the new discoveries (see Astrophysical Journal later in the summer of 2009), the mass of all black holes in the center of all galaxies is two to three times greater than was estimated. That makes the black hole factor even more important and, by the way, it does nullify the "dark matter" theory. Plus some other factors we do not know about at the present time.

All these influences combined introduce an error in our predictions as well as computations. The sum of these influences accounts for such phenomenon as precession. Einstein was aware of these offsetting influences and interpreted them in terms of distortion of spacetime due to gravity. He called them relativistic effects – another abstract and meaningless term.

The influences are, undeniably, there. Einstein simply misinterpreted them. There is no distorted spacetime, there is only a curved gravitational field which is simple and predictable.