Pavlov – Gigliotti theory of gravitation

Gravitational light deflection

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          Light travels in straight lines, but it can be deflected by mirrors, lenses, and by gravitational fields.

          Newtonian calculation of gravitational deflection of light yields the value of 0.875 arcseconds. The general relativity yields twice that value -- 1.75 arcsec. The true value is 1.38 arcsec. To compute it, we use the equation

                 e  =  (pi) a r / c**2

          where:   (pi)   -  constant (in radians) (pi times 1 rad)

                        a      -  gravitational acceleration towards the center of the

                                                                                                Sun  (in m/s**2)

                        r      -  distance between the light trajectory and the center of

                                                                                                 the Sun  (in m)

                        c     -  speed of light  (in m/s)

          In our example, the light trajectory is accepted to be at the distance of 1,000,000 m from the surface of the Sun (or 6.97*10**8 m from the center of the Sun). Gravitational acceleration at that distance is 273.395 m/s**2  (correspondingly, gravitational density = 273.395 gi).

          The mass of the Sun is not included in the equation. Instead, gravitational acceleration is used.

                 e  =  3.14159 x 273.395 x 6.97*10**8 / (2.9979*10**8)**2

                     =  0.00000666 rads

                     =  1.3739 arcsec

          We could calculate angle and vector components of the resulting deflection, but it is not necessary. Two factors in our equation -- a and r -- are sufficient to account for the curvature of the gravitational force field (not curved spacetime!) and tangential entry of the light from a distant star.

          This equation is valid for computation of the angle of deflection for any radiation passing the Sun with any velocity (substitute v for c).

Gravitational lens

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          Gravitational lensing is a phenomenon of light "bending" around a massive gravitational object (say, a cluster of galaxies) located between the source of light and the observer. The underlying principle is the same as in the phenomenon of gravitational light deflection though on the larger scale.

          The source of light may appear as multiple sources around the massive gravitational object, or, if the source is directly behind the object, as a broken ring around the object.

          The gravitational light deflection equation might apply to gravitational lensing, but the angle of light deflection in this case would be a distant approximation.

          By the way, it was Orest Chwolson who brought up the idea of gravitational lensing in 1924, not Einstein who published a small article on the subject in 1936. Thus, terms like Einstein cross and Einstein ring give credit to the wrong person.

Using the GS equations to compute gravity limits

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Data:

             Sun:       mass = 1.99 * 10 ** 30 kg

             Saturn:  mass = 5.686 * 10 ** 26 kg

             Mars:    mass = 6.4185*10**23 kg

             Earth:    mass = 5.98 * 10 ** 24 kg

             Moon:    mass = 7.3477 * 10 ** 22 kg

             Asteroid Eros:  mass = 7.2 * 10 ** 15 kg

             k (galactic gravitational constant) = 1.54 * 10 ** -14

Equation:           R = km

                            m   is the mass

                            k  is the constant  (theoretical estimate)

Computations:

       Sun:          R = 1.54 * 10 ** -14  x  1.99 * 10 ** 30

                             = 3.0646 * 10 ** 16 m  =  3.0646 * 10 ** 13 km

                         (beyond the Oort Cloud, over half way to the

                          nearest star)

       Saturn:     R = 1.54 * 10 ** -14  x  5.686 * 10 ** 26

                             = 8.7543 * 10 ** 12 m  =  8.7543 * 10 ** 9 km

                         (does reach the Earth and Mercury)

       Mars:       R = 1.54 * 10 ** -14  x  6.4185 * 10 ** 23

                             = 9.8845 * 10 ** 9

                         (cannot reach Mercury)

       Earth:       R = 1.54 * 10 ** -14  x  5.98 * 10 ** 24

                             = 9.1993 * 10 ** 10 m  =  9.1993 * 10 ** 7 km

                          (can reach Mars and Mercury)

       Moon:       R = 1.54 * 10 ** -14  x  7.348 * 10 ** 22

                             = 1.1316 * 10 ** 8 m  =  1.1316 * 10 ** 5 km

                          (creates tides in the Earth’s oceans)

       Eros:         R = 1.54 * 10 ** -14  x  7.2 * 10 ** 15

                             = 110.88 m

                          (spacecraft can orbit the little thing)

You can find the gravity limit of any mass in the universe. The simplicity of gravity is amazing. Have fun, discover new things. It’s no fun when someone else discovers them.

Main equations

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          The mathematical model of the gravity spheres theory can be defined in terms of gravitational density and gravitational time dilation.

          In terms of gravitational density, the equation of a gravity field is extremely simple.

                 T = D A

                 where:  T - total gravitational density (in gi)

                              D - integral of gravitational density per unit of

                                    surface area ( in gi/m**2)

                               A - surface area of the body (in m**2)

          For example, let's compute  the total gravitattional density for the Earth.  The integral of gravitational density (x, dx) between the gravitational  limit (0 gi) and the Earth surface (9.83 gi) is

          f(x) = a  and F(x) = a**2 / 2  (using the acceleration yardstick):

          Compute:

          D = F(9.83) - F(0)

              = (9.83)**2 - 0

              = 48.32

          A = 4 (pi) r**2

              = 4 x 3.14159 x  (6.378*10**6)**2

              = 5.1112*10**14

           T = 48.32 x  5.1112**14

              = 2,47*10**16 gi

          The divergence of gravitational field is always zero.

          F. D = 0

          where:  F.  - divergence

                       D  - gravitational field

          Equivalent integral form:

                       (integral) d dA

                       where:  dA is the area of differential square on

                                    the outward facing surface. In the sphere,

                                    gravitational field lines are always loops.

          In terms of gravitational time dilation (universal, galactic, and local time), we use our already tested equation.

          The concept of spacetime is the biggest error of the old school, particularly of the Einstein's relativities. This error set astrophysics and astronomy back by about one hundred years.

          How? One can set up an array of assumptions, no matter how false, particularly if he is established in the academia circles, and build a mathematical model on those assumptions, which could be a quite convincing model. It is just like creating a computer game with images so believable that one could mistake them for movies. The concept of spacetime is one of such false assumptions.

          Both space and time are absolute. Space does not warp, stretch, or shrink. Therefore, there could be no gravitational waves. Gravitational updates within gravitational fields -- yes, gravitational waves in the intergalactic space -- no.

          The rate of time, on the other hand, seems to be variable depending on the observer's location and velocity within a gravitational force field. Observations of time dilation are valid, but their interpretation is not.

          The universal time is absolute. It is "pure" in the intergalactic stretches of space, particularly in the intergalactic voids where there are no gravitational fields.

          It's only when we enter a gravitational force field the picture changes. Gravitational force fields slow down ALL natural processes including chemical and atomic interactions like atomic clocks, for instance. Atomic clocks "tick" progressively slower in the increasing gravitational force field. Time does not slow down -- the atomic clocks do. Incidentally, that includes our biological functions. We age slower in higher gravitational density.

          The second factor which changes the rate of clocks is the velocity of those clocks moving within the gravitational force field. Velocity slows down  the atomic clocks. When moving, the clocks encounter more of the gravitational substance per unit of time. That is equivalent to a greater gravitational density. The faster clocks travel, the more  gravitational density per unit of time they encounter and the slower they "tick*.

          If we could place our atomic clocks in the intergalactic space, where there is no gravity, the clocks would display the universal time. When we enter a galaxy, any galaxy, the "molasses effect" kicks in. Our clocks "tick" at a slower rate displaying galactic time. Then we travel towards the supermassive black hole (sbh) at the center of our galaxy. Our clocks slow down more and more. We would not notice the change unless we could compare our clocks with those outside the galaxy. Finally, our local time rate depends on where we are at the moment.

          Okay, let's check our math of gravitational time dilation. We already used the equation computing the GPS parameters. Now we will expand that equation to galactic dimensions.

                 C = D d f / v

                  where:  C  -  clock rate change  (in seconds)

                               D  -  gravitational density  (in gi)

                               d   -  travel distance per day  (in m)

                               f   -  viscosity coefficient

                               v  -  clock's velocity  (in m/s)

          At the sbh gravitational limit and beyond, gravitational density D is zero. Thus atomic clocks there run at the universal rate no matter with what velocity they travel (special relativity has no value in that domain) and what distance they cover in one day. And the speeds you can reach without the limitations of the GR!. The Star Trek then becomes real, the multiple-warp speed becomes possible. That's the domain of "pure" universal time.

          Our solar system is at the edge of our galaxy, our clocks "tick" a bit slower then the universal clocks. This is our galactic time rate. The change is small, and it is greatly overshadowed by the Sun's and particularly by the Earth's gravitational force fields. This is our local time rate which we used playing with the GPS parameters.

          The equation above is valid at any location in the universe.

          Well, I think both I and my associate Tom had enough time invested in this project. Now you take over. Get involved, use the equations, have some fun. See what happens when you get closer to our supermassive black hole. Maybe you will age noticeably slower, maybe even touch the eternity. Perhaps even uncover the secrets of the Universe. Who knows?

                                                      (The end)