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by Igor Pavlov and Tom Gigliotti May 5, 2007 (pavlovi@bellsouth.net) Space does not warp, stretch or shrink. Force fields do. Gravity, for instance. And gravitation has limits.
---------------------- This webpage is not a thesis or a detailed analysis of my theory. It is an article split into several pages. The purpose of this article, before anything else, is to stake a claim to the new theory. Also, it is a dipstick to measure the response of the scientific community to this totally new idea. Although I address professionals in this presentation, it is written for a wider audience. I thought that making it too technical could turn off that audience. I tried to use as few technical terms and details as possible.
Everything in the universe is held together by the force we call gravity. Whatever material in existence that did not coalesce yet into some kind of a body is in the process of doing so by the force of gravity. There is a pattern in this process of matter consolidation. Gases and debris in the interstellar space tend to form spherical bodies – suns, planets, moons - and gravitational force holds those together. That hints on whatever the nature of that force is its force field is SPHERICAL and the direction of its pull is toward the center of the mass. But, before we go deeper into this old concept with a new twist, let us refresh what we know about another force called magnetism, briefly. Two magnets either attract or repel each other. Poles with opposite polarity attract and poles with the same polarity repel. Each magnet maintains a force field around itself. The force field is a space around the magnet saturated with lines of force (a concept useful for visualization) emanating from one pole of the magnet and entering the other pole. The force weakens with distance from the magnet. At a certain distance from the magnet, its force lines break. Magnetic force field has limits. To extend its force lines into the infinity would require infinite energy. Now, back to the spherical force -- gravity. Gravitational force fields exist around any material body, from an atom to a black hole. The strength of the force field depends on the amount of matter (mass) it contains. The larger the mass, the stronger the field and farther out it extends before it breaks. A mass and its gravitational force field (the sum of gravitational components) form a mass-field unit. The gravitational force field is an extension of the mass, it envelops the mass in layers. A matter forming a mass falls into itself by the force of gravity from within attempting to assume the most compact shape with even surface. A ball is that shape. Now why layers and not one continuous spherical force field? Because apparently gravity obeys certain distribution laws, similar to electron orbitals, or shells, in atoms but on the grand scale. Thus an atom could be taken as a model for gravity. An atom’s nucleus is a positively charged body encircled by electron orbitals (a concept useful for visualization again) -- electron shells. Gravity layers are gravitational shells. Presently we have no tools, physical or mathematical, to measure the quantum states of those layers, although these states must exist (see the rings of Saturn). A gravity layer is a structure, a fragile structure, particularly the outermost layer. It has a breaking point. Gravity units, strings, gravitons, whichever, can be stretched only so far, and the number of strings and the cohesive force connecting them are limited by the mass within the force field. In other words, gravity has limits. To stretch gravity into the infinity would require infinite mass and infinite energy. Each layer could be viewed as an energy mesh -- a mesh of vibrating quantized energy strings, gravitons, whichever, not extending into the infinity of space but confined to the layer. Let’s call it a gravitational mesh – quantum gravity wrapped into itself like a closed circuit similar to any electronic circuit. If we cut a wire in an electronic circuit, we disrupt it. The circuit becomes open and no longer functions. Every force field is a closed circuit, in a manner of speaking. Gravity is no exception. By conventional concept, it extends infinitely. If it did, it would become an open circuit and would not be able to function. Each gravity layer is that closed circuit that makes gravity functional. The energy level in each layer is determined by the mass and by the radius from the center of the mass. The gradient between gravity layers increases with distance from the mass. Gravitational force also falls off with increasing distance from the mass, as per the Newton's equation; it weakens until the outermost gravity layer approaches zero in strength and breaks. That is where the gravity of the mass ends. Closer to the mass the gradient is smaller, the layers density and strength is great and increasing rapidly. That produces an interesting effect, called the tidal effect, on any incoming body. Particularly if the gravitational field of the main mass is strong. The front end of the body is pulled (or you might say accelerated) with significantly greater force than its tail: the body could be torn apart. Remember the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet which hit the planet Jupiter in 1994? Before it hit it broke up into 21 discernible pieces. It appears that Jupiter was not pleased with the arrival of the uninvited guest.
So what is gravity exactly? The traditional Newtonian and Einsteinian view is as follows. Every body in the universe attracts every other body. This assumption (and it is only an assumption) implies that there is almost infinite number of force lines emanating from each material body, no matter how small, to every other body in the universe, no matter how small and no matter how far it is. That is a flagrant absurdity of unimaginable dimensions. Let’s examine how gravity really works. Gravitational system (a mass and its gravitational force field) is an isolated system, a system whose strength remains constant regardless of changes within the system itself. There is a perfect balance between a mass and its gravitational force field maintained for billions of years since its creation with very little change. Gravitational energy is not emitted into the infinity of space like light but remains within the gravitational force field of the mass. The field is a force field similar to a force field of a magnet though it is spherical (unless the mass is small enough to remain in a non-spherical shape like an asteroid, for example). You might say the force field holds the mass together as one unit. If something sliced the Earth in two, it would merge the next moment because it has one gravitational force field confining it. So, what's new? A gravitational force field has limits. It does not extend into the infinity of space, it remains where it originated: around its mass. If the mass does not change, its gravitational force field does not change either. But it is not static, it is simply in the state of balance with its mass, in the process of constant regeneration. Gravitational field is similar to a standing wave. Water in the standing wave moves, but the wave preserves its location and shape. So does a gravitational force field. What about gravitational interactions? When a smaller mass approaches a larger mass, their gravitational force fields overlap first. It is unknown how the fields of both masses interact with each other. My guess is that they don't, they just pass through each other unobstructed. Only when the smaller mass enters the gravitational force field of the larger mass (or orbits it), the interaction takes place. The smaller mass interacts with the gravitational force field of the larger mass, not with the larger mass itself. There is no immediate exchange of information between the masses. It is not necessary to align gravitational forces between the masses because the alignment is already there, via the force field. There is no delay of interaction, there is no aberration. The lack of gravitational aberration has nothing to do with instantaneous propagation of gravity. The presence of the gravitational force field negates the need of such. The interaction is between the coming (or orbiting) mass and the gravitational force field of the main mass only. The field already has the mass' parameters (and force) in it. Those are there since the time when the mass was created billions of years ago. They change very little with time. The speed of gravity propagation is relevant only when mass changes take place: something big hits the mass, or the mass disintegrates in an explosion. Then the changes in parameters propagate throughout the gravitational force field with sub-light speed, like in all other force fields. Until that time, the original conditions are already in place and they rule. It is as if masses exchange information instantaneously, the same effect. Neither Newton nor Einstein could visualize this concept of gravity. Another important point: the smaller mass within the gravitational force field of the larger mass contributes to the force field of the larger mass. A cluster of galaxies is the largest gravitational unit in the voids of the universe. But no matter how large that unit is it has its gravitational limit.
As we stated above, gravity does not extend infinitely. As a matter of fact, gravity range is quite limited. Gravity of a star, like our sun for example, extends only to the edges of the Solar System, somewhere outside the Oort cloud. Supermassive black holes, you might say, are the heaviest objects in the universe. How far does their gravity extend? Only to the edges of galaxies they hold together sometimes covering neighboring dwarf galaxies which become the main galaxy's satellites, and perhaps touch nearby galaxies if there is a cluster of galaxies. Beyond that, in the intergalactic space, there is no gravity. That explains extensive voids in the universe, gravity is a local phenomenon, not universal. Presently, we are searching for gravitational waves from distant objects, like double neutron stars and black holes. What we have within any solar or galactic system is gravitational update in the form of waves similar to electromagnetic waves. But gravitational updates take place only within the gravitational force field of a mass or a system. If we are outside of that particular gravitational field, we cannot detect its gravitational update. Incidentally, a gravitational update is not gravitational waves in spacetime. Cosmic explosions, like novas, supernovas and alike, do not generate gravitational waves. Their gravitational force field simply breaks up with the mass. No waves.
Double neutron stars do produce gravitational disturbances, but those should be called gravitational fluctuations, not waves, and those are, again, a local phenomena. Thus, the LIGO project is a mirage. Intergalactic space is gravity free. What that means is that if you were traveling in that space, your spaceship would not be pulled in any direction. You would carry only your own little gravitational field around your spaceship until you approach another galaxy and enter its gravitational influence. We are living in a runaway universe – eventually it will scatter because there is no universal gravity to bring it back into one unit. There will never be a Big Crunch. The Big Bang is a one-time event. The 'fireball' of the Big Bang expanded with velocity a million times that of the speed of light, which suggests that more than ninety nine percent of its substance escaped with superphotic speed and cannot be seen. What is visible to us as our universe is the leftovers of the Big Bang expanding in its wake with subluminal speed. The edges of the universe are expanding faster than its interior but not fast enough to become invisible. But what is beyond the Big Bang? Perhaps, on the big scale, our universe is just another spark in the endless stretches of Cosmos -- one of many. Rings of Saturn -------------------- Rings of Saturn are the showcase of the sphere theory. During the formation of the Solar System, Saturn became one of the four gas giants. At that time, one of its moons was hit by a comparable mass which came from another part of the forming Solar system. The collision of catastrophic dimensions disintegrated both masses. A small part of the debris escaped Saturn's gravity into outer space. The largest part of the mess fell into Saturn. But a sizeable part of the debris scattered and remained in orbit. If you spin an object on a string, you will notice that the object and the string form a flat circle and that the object tends to remain in the plane of that circle called the plane of rotation. What happened around Saturn is something similar – with the debris as the object and Saturn’s gravity as the string. In a relatively short time (a few thousand years), the debris drifted toward the plane of rotation of Saturn and formed ‘belts’. We see these belts as rings of Saturn. Their thickness is about a mile and their separation equals the gradient of the zone at that location. We see hundreds of them, perhaps thousands, with a few gaps cleared by small moons. When we look at the rings from above either pole of Saturn, we see the map of gravity zones -- a cross section image. In the future, we will be able to see the rings in greater detail, perhaps even count them and measure the gradient. The rings of Saturn form a distinctive geometric pattern of concentric circles. This pattern is not electromagnetic or atmospheric. It is a gravitational pattern, it cannot be anything else. What’s next? -----------------
We want to know where we stand and where we are going. We developed many scientific tools. We are searching for answers. But instead of finding answers, we generate more and more questions. Isn’t it time to reverse the trend? What if some of our assumptions are wrong? What if the foundations on which we’ve built our sciences are shaky? Take, as an example, both special and general theory of relativity. We don’t have to go all the way to the Big Bang to see that the speed of light is not the absolute limit no matter what the abstract equations show. Equations are based on assumptions. Some of those assumptions can be in error. The supernova of January 2002 sent its radiation expanding as a ball many times the speed of light. The sequence of photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope over a two-year period clearly showed the event. Some scientists, in order to save the face of special relativity, are trying to explain the phenomenon in terms of light echo representing it as a parabollic curve, but that doesn't wash. Apparent speed could be an illusion, but the distance of expansion is not. One can measure it quite precisely. Light echoes do not come in one surprise package. They come in slow motion because it takes time for light to reach the outermost layers of surrounding dust before being reflected -- extra years after the beginning of the event. Light echoes produce the illusion of subluminal, NOT superluminal speed. The star called Monocerotis did erupt as observed. The eruption was the real thing, not just a 'mysterious' flash of light. Photos show expanding layers of 'dust' preserving their basic shape, the effect which is incompatible with the nature of reflections. Then what about bent space, as described in general relativity? Does it really bend? Or there is a much simpler explanation for bending of light? A curved gravitational force field, for instance, and not the bent space? Occam's razor! Einstein did not realize that when he painted curved space, he described, in reality, curved gravitational force field. Space is not a field or a substance. Space is only a measurement -- size, distance. It is absurd to see it any other way. Spacetime is only a mathematical abstraction not applicable to physics just like the singularity. Mathematics is physic's tool, not an entity of its own. Gravity layers are not perfect spheres. A gravity sphere is flattened somewhat at the poles of a rotating mass, as if its gravitational field is rotating with the mass. A spiral galaxy, for example, carries a pronounced lentil-shaped gravitational field. That explains the effect of gravitational lens which splits the image of a distant bright object in two when the object is directly behind the mass with a strong gravitational field and faces us edgewise. GS theory fits neatly in the Standard Model of particle physics. Gravitational force field is just another force field. Thus, my dear colleague, you can develop the Unified Theory including gravitation with graviton as the force carrier. Do you wish to try? A word of caution: working on the Unified Theory, do not attempt to reconcile the quantum field theory employed by the Standard Model with general relativity. General relativity is a fundamental error of the modern physics. Einstein's vision of gravity, a bowling ball on a flat surface of a rubber sheet, is confusing, misleading, distorted two-dimensional view of the three-dimensional spherical phenomenon. Space DOES NOT curve, a gravitational force field does. Einstein's vision of gravity is a choo-choo image of the real train. Einstein was probably very much surprised and amused when other physicists accepted it literally, but decided, "Well, I will go with the flow and see how far it will take me." Everyone is admiring the king's new clothes, but the king is naked!
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